A Journal of University-Industry-Government Innovation and Entrepreneurship
From: Hidden mediator roles of university spin-offs in Triple Helix networks
Control variables | |
City region: variable in two categories, as a dummy (Trondheim = 1) | Trondheim 42 %; Delft 58 % |
Market competition: variable in two categories (many competitors = 1) | Many competitors 56 %; few competitors 44 % |
Firm age: continuous variable | Avg. 4.9; sd 3.1; min-max 0–10 |
Firm size: continuous variable as number of full time equivalent in 2006 | Avg. 7.2; sd 6.9; min-max 0.5–51 |
Capability factors | |
Size of founding team: continuous variable as team members at foundation | Avg. 2.3; sd 1.2; min-max 1–5 |
Pre-start experience areas: continuous variable as sum of types of founders’ experience in various domains | Avg. 1.1; sd 0.9; min-max 0–3 |
Education level of founding team (number of PhD): continuous variable measuring the members with PhD | Avg. 0.6; sd 0.9; min-max 0–3 |
Multidisciplinary education of founding team: variable in two categories (multiple studies = 1) | Single technology (65.7 %); multiple studies (34.3 %) |
Participation in training: variable in two categories, yes (1) and no (0), as a dummy | Yes (31.4 %); no (68.6 %) |
Entrepreneurial orientation | |
Initial growth strategy: a compound variable (size and international orientation), in three categories | Large and international (37 %); small and international (53 %); small and local (10 %) |
Type of innovation activity: variable in two categories, science-based (1) and non-science-based (0), as a dummy | Science-based: 27 %; non-science based: 73 % |
Level of innovativeness: continuous variable derived as a compound variable from R&D expenditure, newness in innovation, and patenting (based on factor analysis) | Avg. 0.1; sd 0.85; min-max −1.4 to 1.1 |
Dependent variable | |
Diversity: continuous variable indicating social-economic diversity of knowledge partners, incl. spatial orientation | Avg. 0.35; sd 0.2; min-max 0–0.9 |