Table 4 Type, function and deepness of collaborations

Isolated (Archipelagos)

Ad hoc consultation of firm at universities

Information gathering

Conferences have been organised for building linkages typically in specific sectors (e.g. ICT, medical)

Regular discussions between U/I on various issues

Purchase of university research results on ad hoc basis

Lectures of firm employees held at universities

Knowledge dissemination

YSU/Faculty of Radio physics/Synopsis lecturers trained the staff to disseminate best practice

Lectures of faculty members held at firms

Far distance and Arm’s Length Cooperation

Employing faculty members as regular consultants

Information gathering

Joint working as professors at university and engineers at firms (YSMU, YSEU and YSU)

Coaching of firm employees by U researchers

Knowledge dissemination

YSU/Faculty of Radio physics/Synopsis PhD students conducting research

Training of firm employees by professors

Joint supervision of theses by U/I members

Joint publications by professors and firm employees

R&D

Joint IPRs by professors and firm employees

TH (horizontal)

Formal R&D cooperations—joint R&D

R&D

YSMU/Pharmaceutical Faculty)

Regular acquisition of university research

Formal R&D cooperation—outsourcing

- Dental research firm in Garni

- Arpimed pharmaceuticals

Access to special equipment of I/U

R&D infrastructure

YSEU—NIs, IBM, Nokia softwares

Investment in university’s facilities

The types that are included into TH (horizontally deep) group may contain R&D collaboration

Knowledge dissemination and information gathering