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A Journal of University-Industry-Government Innovation and Entrepreneurship

Table 5 Triple Helix sectorial outputs for the West African region (2001–2010)

From: Effect of international collaboration on knowledge flow within an innovation system: a Triple Helix approach

 

U

I

G

UI

UG

IG

UIG

 

d

F

g

D

f

g

D

F

g

D

F

G

D

f

g

d

f

g

d

f

g

2001

829

376

819

4

1

4

471

161

321

1

1

2

112

146

387

1

0

2

0

4

4

2002

940

395

896

7

5

6

474

189

307

0

3

3

134

185

458

1

0

2

0

2

6

2003

1002

471

971

10

6

6

509

180

310

3

2

8

162

212

526

1

2

4

0

6

10

2004

1149

525

1112

4

4

2

491

184

297

2

2

9

163

237

562

0

2

2

0

2

3

2005

1525

653

1450

6

6

4

673

294

421

3

2

8

272

272

774

1

1

3

0

2

5

2006

1594

700

1547

6

2

4

667

235

393

6

3

11

253

324

763

0

6

4

2

5

11

2007

2198

805

2058

9

6

9

750

285

439

8

3

12

351

350

964

1

6

6

0

6

12

2008

2632

928

2497

11

5

7

783

272

437

13

8

25

426

407

1094

5

3

6

3

14

22

2009

3055

1056

2887

10

6

7

788

308

434

12

8

22

468

492

1234

2

0

2

1

4

11

2010

3053

1160

2825

12

10

5

999

377

563

13

5

23

546

587

1457

2

3

3

2

13

28

Total

17,977

7069

17,062

79

51

54

6605

2485

3922

61

37

123

2887

3212

8219

14

23

34

8

58

112