Effect of international collaboration on knowledge flow within an innovation system: a Triple Helix approach

Triple Helix

A Journal of University-Industry-Government Innovation and Entrepreneurship

Table 6 Mutual information (T _uig, in millibits) and transmission power (τ) for West Africa (2001–2010) at domestic, foreign and global levels

Year	Domestic		Foreign		Global		\( \frac{\tau_g-{\tau}_d}{\tau_g}\ \left(\%\right) \)
Year	T _uig	τ _d	T _uig	τ _f	T _uig	τ _g	\( \frac{\tau_g-{\tau}_d}{\tau_g}\ \left(\%\right) \)
2001	−20.23	3.22	−17.603	5.17	−18.029	6.4	98.76
2002	−29.812	4.99	−39.916	12.35	−23.39	9.55	91.38
2003	−36.401	6.37	−41.408	14.26	−19.288	8.76	37.52
2004	−16.608	3	−23.915	8.72	−6.497	3.16	5.33
2005	−17.413	3.38	−30.6	9.09	−9.648	4.62	36.69
2006	−18.789	3.59	−7.668	2.93	−9.441	4.69	30.64
2007	−18.564	3.92	−22.536	7.94	−14.643	7.84	100.00
2008	−17.86	4.11	−20.783	8.53	−10.203	6.14	49.39
2009	−15.459	3.78	−21.543	9.14	−9.73	6.46	70.90
2010	−17.613	4	−29.975	12.55	−7.818	4.86	21.50
2001-2010	−19.411	3.96	−24.716	9.14	−11.636	6.1	54.04