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Triple Helix

A Journal of University-Industry-Government Innovation and Entrepreneurship

Table 1 Five symbiotic patterns for two players

From: Decoding symbiotic endogeneity: the stochastic input-output analysis of university-business-government alliances

 

Player B

Player A

+, +

Mutualism

+, 0

Commensalism

+, −

Parasitism

0, +

Commensalism

0, 0

Neutralism

0, −

Amensalism

−, +

Parasitism

−, 0

Amensalism

−, −

Competition

  1. Note: signs indicate payoffs for the players. The left-hand sign indicates the payoff for player A, and the right-hand sign indicates the payoff for player B, with “+” representing a positive or beneficial payoff, “0” representing a neutral effect, and “−” representing a negative or harmful effect. Source: Horaguchi (2014), with reference to Vandermeer and Goldberg (2003)
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