Table 1 Historical university developments

Scholastic, middle age university;

‘unity of teaching¹

Teacher presentations

Students as co-listeners, co-thinkers

Humboldtian, classic university:

‘unity of research and teaching’

Teacher presentations, seminar style studies, students as co-speakers

individual researchers “ in solitude and freedom” institutes

21st century university: ‘unity of praxis, research, and teaching’

Entrepreneurial studies, students as co-initiators, co-actors

Action research, research consortium community action research

Strategic partnerships; partnerships with startups, ventures, and venture capitals